![]() Descent is measured in centimetres, from: Obstetricians describe the position of the baby’s head in relation to the mother’s ischial spines during the descent phase. There are seven cardinal movements of labour: Passage: the size and shape of the passageway, mainly the pelvis. Footling breech – with a foot hanging through the cervix.Frank breech – with hips flexed and knees extended, bottom first.Complete breech – with hips and knees flexed (like doing a cannonball jump into a pool).Breech presentation – the legs are first.Shoulder presentation – the shoulder is first.Cephalic presentation – the head is first.Presentation: the part of the fetus closest to the cervix:.Oblique lie – the fetus is at an angle.Transverse lie – the fetus is straight side to side.Longitudinal lie – the fetus is straight up and down.Lie: the position of the fetus in relation to the mother’s body:.For example, how the back is rounded and how the head and limbs are flexed. Size: particularly the size of the head as this is the largest part.Passenger: the four descriptive qualities of the fetus: Power: the strength of the uterine contractions. The success of the second stage depends on “ the three Ps”: power, passenger and passage. The second stage of labour lasts from 10cm dilatation of the cervix to delivery of the baby. This progresses at around 1cm per hour, and there are strong and regular contractions. Transition phase: From 7cm to 10cm dilation of the cervix.This progresses at around 1cm per hour, and there are regular contractions. Active phase: From 3cm to 7cm dilation of the cervix.This progresses at around 0.5cm per hour. Latent phase: From 0 to 3cm dilation of the cervix.The “ show” refers to the mucus plug in the cervix, that prevents bacteria from entering the uterus during pregnancy, falling out and creating space for the baby to pass through. It involves cervical dilation (opening up) and effacement (getting thinner from front to back). The first stage of labour is from the onset of labour (true contractions) until the cervix is fully dilated to 10cm. Staying hydrated and relaxing can help reduce Braxton-Hicks contractions. These are not true contractions, and they do not indicate the onset of labour. Women can experience temporary and irregular tightening or mild cramping in the abdomen. They are usually felt during the second and third trimester. Pessaries containing prostaglandin E2 ( dinoprostone) can be used to induce labour.īraxton-Hicks contractions are occasional irregular contractions of the uterus. One key prostaglandin to be aware of is prostaglandin E2. They also have a role in the ripening of the cervix before delivery. They play a crucial role in menstruation and labour by stimulating contraction of the uterine muscles. Tissues throughout the entire body contain and respond to prostaglandins. Prostaglandins act like local hormones, triggering specific effects in local tissues. The third stage is from delivery of the baby to delivery of the placenta.The second stage is from 10cm cervical dilatation to delivery of the baby.The first stage is from the onset of labour (true contractions) until 10cm cervical dilatation.Labour and delivery normally occur between 37 and 42 weeks gestation.
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